Three-dimensional photograph

ABSTRACT

A method of making a high quality three-dimensional photograph is disclosed. The method utilizes a camera with a film mount therein, a rastor, a film, a separator for keeping the line rastor separate from the film, and a vacuum generating device for maintaining a vacuum in the vicinity of the separator thereby bringing the film into intimate contact with the separator and maintaining the intimate contact through successive exposures and movements of the film and line rastor. After repeated exposure of the film in various positions with respect to the subject being photographed, the film and rastor are laminated to opposing sides of the separator and the resulting photograph is viewed from the rastor-carrying side of the photograph by means of a light source and diffusion screen on the film-carrying side of the photograph.

This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 417,855, filed Sept. 14,1982 and now U.S. Pat. No. 4,481,050.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to a method of making a three-dimensionalphotograph and to the photograph resulting from the method. Moreparticularly, this invention relates to a method of making athree-dimensional photograph, and to a photograph resulting from themethod, utilizing at least one rastor to generate the three-dimensionalimage.

Methods have long been known for generating photographs yielding varyingqualities of three-dimensional images. Such three-dimensionalphotographs differ from traditional two-dimensional photographs in thatthe three-dimensional photographs yield an image not only having heightand width, but also depth. That is, the three-dimensional photographyields an image appearing to have spacial distances between variouscomponents in the image along an axis perpendicular to the plane orsurface of the photograph.

One such method of making a three-dimensional photograph utilizes alenticular screen in order to yield a three-dimensional image. Thepicture or image information is taken with a line rastor or lenticularscreen placed between the film and the subject being photographed, andthe position of the film with respect to the subject being photographedis substantially changed between repeated exposures of the film.Thereby, a series of parallel linear images (or "lineations") areprinted on a backing layer of what becomes the final three-dimensionalphotograph.

The backing layer is then mounted on a lenticular screen so that thelineations are aligned with, and parallel to, the lenses on thelenticular screen. If the lineated images on the backing layer arecomprised of different camera "views" of a subject taken fromappropriately spaced positions of the film, line rastor, and subject,predetermined to provide parallax, the photograph yields an illusion ofdepth when viewed at appropriate distances from the lenticular screen.

As a practical matter, lenticular screen type three-dimensionalphotographs suffer from a lack of resolution and clarity because of thenature of the lenticular lens itself. Because it is prohibitively costlyto make and use precision cut lenticular lenses, the lenticular screenis typically made out of rolled, cut, or molded plastics. Thus, thescreen itself is thus filled with imperfections having a detrimentaleffect on the quality of the three-dimensional image.

Another problem with lenticular screen type three-dimensionalphotographs is their severely limited depth-of-field. Because of theinherent limitations of the refractive properties in the lenticularlenses in use and the short focal lengths necessary to produce theprecise optics necessary for use of lenticular lenses, only a limitedamount of 3-D information can be placed on the film backing in the formof lineations. Thus, the lack of 3-D information translates into a 3-Dphotograph with a shallow depth-of-field.

Another method of making a 3-D photograph utilizes a rastor not only tolay a series of images on the photograph, but also to view thephotograph. Such methods require placing a first rastor in the camerabetween the unexposed film and lens of the camera, exposing the filmwith the subject in one position with respect to the film, then movingthe subject and film with respect to one another, and re-exposing thefilm. This sequence is then repeated at least several more times.

The exposed film is then developed and printed or utilized in itsdeveloped state to generate the final 3-D image. Because of changes inthe dimensions of the film stock during developing, another rastor,having dimensions different from the first rastor, must be used to viewthe image, or else the image must be enlarged as necessary so the firstrastor, or another rastor having dimensions identical to the firstrastor, can be used. The rastor is placed over the print or film betweenthe viewer and the film or print to generate the 3-D image for theviewer. If a print is used, frontal lighting of the 3-D photographyields the 3-D image. If the developed film is used, backlighting of the3-D photograph yields the 3-D image.

Such rastor type 3-D photographs in the prior art have also sufferedfrom a variety of problems, including lack of clarity and resolution. Inthe methods of the prior art, the film stocks are dimensionallyunstable. Thus, the rastor used to expose the film cannot be used toview the 3-D image unless the developed image is printed on an enlargedfilm or print stock. Whether a second rastor is used or the image isenlarged, the resulting 3-D image lacks clarity because of inaccuracyintroduced by either using a second rastor of different dimensions thanthe first or by enlarging the print or film to attempt to match thedeveloped image size with the original undeveloped image size. Eithermethod is difficult, time consuming, costly, and a sure source ofimperfection in the method, for when the rastor does not match up withthe developed film completely correctly, the resulting 3-D image lacksresolution, clarity, and proper illusion of depth.

Another consequence of dimensional instability of the film stock is thatwavering moire patterns may result. These patterns will distort the 3-Dimage with phase shifts that are prohibitively disruptive, especially inlarge scale applications.

Another problem with methods that utilize rastors to make 3-Dphotographs has been their failure to maximize diffraction phenomena.Such methods have resulted in relatively poor resolution and clarity byfailing to dimension the rastor to concentrate a single fresnel zone onthe film during exposure of the film.

Other problems with rastor type 3-D photographs have been caused by thelack of 3-D information placed on the film stock. Because the ratio ofrastor periodicity to separation distance (between the film and therastor) have been low, the number of lineations or separate imagesplaceable on the film without overlap has been fairly low. Moreover, thematerials used to separate the film stock and rastor during exposure andviewing have not had the high degree of refraction desirable in order to"compress" more photographic information into a given space on the filmstock. This lack of 3-D information results in a narrow depth-of-field.

Another problem with the rastor type methods of the prior art has beenthe inability of such methods to allow the film to be quickly and easilymounted within, or removed from, the camera for developing. Duringexposure, the film must be separated from the rastor by a uniform,predetermined distance, but methods of so aligning the film have beencumbersome and inaccurate. One such method holds the film and rastor inposition during exposure by means of mechanical clips on a frame holdingthe rastor and film. The method causes imperfections in the resulting3-D image, however, because of two sources of error in maintaininguniform separation between the film and rastor during exposure andviewing.

First, the movement of the film and rastor during exposure can introducemovement of film with respect to the rastor. Second, after removing anddeveloping the film, re-mounting for viewing on a mechanical frame andclip apparatus leaves great room for error and non-uniformity ofseparation. Because uniformity of separation is critical for a quality3-D image, such sources of nonuniformity greatly degrade the resulting3-D image.

Other rastor type 3-D methods of the prior art do not move the rastorand film as a unit with respect to the subject being photographed.Instead, they allow both the rastor and subject to move while holdingthe film stationary. Such methods add another source of error orimperfection because the movements of the rastor with respect to thefilm must be extremely precise, requiring a cumbersome, precision rastormoving mechanism.

It is therefore an object of the present invention to develop a methodof making a 3-D photograph that does not utilize lenticular lenses orany similar lenses, such as certain types of aperture rastors.

It is also an object of the present invention to develop a method ofmaking 3-D photographs utilizing a rastor to expose and view the 3-Dimage but without requiring either enlargement of the developed image orutilization of a rastor during viewing that has different dimensionsthan the rastor used during exposure.

Another object of the present invention is to improve the quality of 3-Dphotographs, especially large scale 3-D photographs. In prior methodsthe detrimental qualities of moire distortion (wavering phase shifts)and information loss (associated with second or third generation printsmade from smaller transparencies) were greatly accentuated, especiallyon larger scales.

Yet another object of the present invention is to develop a method ofmaking a 3-D photograph that easily and efficiently maintains uniformseparation between the rastor and film or print during both exposure ofthe film and during viewing of the 3-D image.

Another object is to enable the production of first generation images(that is, to enable the film stock used in the first generation to beused in display of the 3-D photograph) in order to obtain optimumresolution, color density, contrast, and realism.

A further object is to develop such a method utilizing a refractivematerial between the film and rastor or print during exposure of thefilm and while viewing the 3-D image in order to "compress" more 3-Dinformation into a given space on the film and increase thedepth-of-field of the 3-D photograph.

Yet another object is to develop a method of making a 3-D photograph,utilizing a rastor having dimensions that maximize diffraction phenomenaby concentrating a single fresnel zone on the film during each exposureof the film.

An additional object is to develop a method of manufacturing a 3-Dphotograph that can be mass produced in an economical, efficient andquick way.

There are other objects and advantages of the present invention. Theywill become apparent as the specification proceeds.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The foregoing and other objects and advantages are accomplished by ourinvention of both (a) a method of making a three-dimensional photographof a subject and (b) the three-dimensional photograph resulting from themethod. The method utilizes a dimensionally stable, unexposed filmstock, at least one line rastor having a predetermined periodicity, anda camera. The camera includes a film mount and a shutter therein. Themethod comprises

(a) mounting the film stock and line rastor on the film mount so thefilm stock is substantially parallel to, and separated by apredetermined distance from, the line rastor;

(b) at least once focusing the lens on the subject, activating theshutter, presenting a different view of the subject with respect to thefilm stock, and opening and closing the shutter again;

(c) removing the film stock from the camera and developing the film toproduce an image; and

(d) assembling the three-dimensional photograph by arranging thedeveloped film stock and line rastor so the film stock is substantiallyparallel to, and separated by a predetermined distance from, the linerastor whereby a three-dimensional image can be viewed from the side ofthe line rastor furthest from the developed film stock.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING

The preferred embodiment of this invention is shown in the accompanyingdrawing wherein:

FIG. 1 is a pictoral view of the camera and mounting track with aportion of the camera housing removed to show the arrangement of thefilm mounting apparatus within the camera;

FIG. 2 is a plan view showing the positioning of the camera, lens, film,and subject with respect to one another;

FIG. 3 is a perspective view of the film mount as it is used to mountfilm in the camera;

FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of a portion of the film mount showingthe arrangement of the cardboard insert, film, separator, and linerastor within the container in the film mount; and

FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of a portion of the assembled sandwichof materials resulting in the 3-D photograph.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

As shown in FIG. 1, the preferred embodiment utilizes a camera,generally 10, and a mounting platform, generally 12. A twenty-one andone-half inch wide, as measured along a horizontal axis, and thirty inchtall, as measured along a vertical axis, subject 14 on the mountingplatform 12 is photographed with the camera 10 to yield a forty-threeinch wide and sixty-inch tall 3-D photograph (not shown in FIG. 1) ofthe subject 14.

The mounting platform 12 consists of a rotatable table 16, a slidablecarrier 18 supporting the rotatable table 16, and a fixed base 20 onwhich the slidable carrier 18 is slidably mounted. The fixed base 20 hasa rectangular frame 22 and a first rack 24 and a second rack 26 mountedin parallel on the inner periphery of the first two parallel sides 28,30 (respectively) of the rectangular frame 22.

The slidable carrier 18 has two parallel arms 32, 34 extending downwardfrom a rectangular midsection 36. The two arms 32, 34 slidably rest onthe upper surface 38 of the first two parallel sides 28, 30(respectively) of the rectangular frame 22. A control bar 39 isrotatably mounted in the parallel arms 32, 34 transverse to the arms 32,34 and extends about three inches past the periphery of the frame 22 toprovide a grip for manual rotation of the control bar 39. A first piniongear 40 is mounted on the control bar 39 to firmly engage the teeth ofthe first rack 24, and a second pinion gear 42 is mounted on the controlbar 39 to firmly engage the teeth of the second rack 26. The control bar39 thus provides a means for controllably sliding the slidable carrier18 along the upper surface 38 of the rectangular frame 22.

Nine linearly aligned spacing indicia, generally 43, are printed along ahorizontal line on the outer periphery of the rectangular frame 22 nearthe upper surface 38 of the frame 22. The distance between each pair ofadjacent spacing indicia 43 is 31/32 inch. The spacing indicia 43 arecentered on the frame 22 so that the center (fifth) mark is equidistantfrom the second parallel sides 44, 46 of the frame 22.

A center mark 48 is printed on the arm 32 of the slidable carrier 18abutting the side of the frame 22 having the spacing indicia 43. Thecenter mark 48 is equidistant from the outer ends 50, 52 of the carrier18 and abuts the upper surface 38 of the frame 22.

The rotatable table 16 is rotatably mounted on the midsection 36 of theslidable carrier 18. The radial center of the rotable table 16 lies in aplane passing through center mark 48 perpendicular to the plane ofspacing indicia 43.

Two lamps 54, 56 are mounted near the outer circumference of therotatable table 16 to extend over, and cast light upon, the subject 14,which is placed in the radial center of the rotatable table 16. Thelight source 58, 60 on each lamp 54, 56 (respectively) is a Lowel Quartz3200 K and is spaced about three feet from the subject 14 on therotatable table 16. The light sources 58, 60 are arranged so that lightreflected from the subject 14 can pass through the lens 62 and strikethe film mount 64 at the back of the camera 10.

The camera 10 has a generally box-like body, generally 66, consisting ofblack plastic sheeting 68 covering a substantially box-like aluminumtube frame (not shown). A light proof rotating door 70 is located at onecorner of the body 66 to allow the operator (not shown) to enter intothe inner cavity, generally 72, of the camera body 66. A lens 62, 1000mm. Zeiss, is mounted in the front face of the body 66 so that the lens62 can be focused on the subject 14 to pass light reflected from thesubject 14 to the film mount 64 at the back of the camera 10. A shutterand shutter operating mechanism (not shown) are mounted on the lens 62to control the quantity of light allowed to pass through the lens 62 tothe film mount 64.

As shown in FIG. 2, the distance from the lens 62 to the subject 14 isfive feet as measured along a line perpendicularly extending from theplane of the lens 62 to the radial center of the rotatable table 16. Thedistance from the lens 62 to the film mount 64 is ten feet as measuredalong a line perpendicularly extending from the plane of the lens 62 tothe plane of the vertical side of the film mount 64 nearest the lens 62.

As shown in FIG. 1, the film mount 64 consists of a vertically-standingrectangular outer support 74 and a slidable film carriage 76 mountedwithin the inner periphery of the outer support 74. The outer support 74is constructed of 2"×4" wood, measures six feet wide by six feet tall,and has two pods 78, 80 that support the entire film mount 64 on thefloor 83 of the camera 10. The vertical plane of the slidable filmcarriage 76 is parallel to the plane of the lens 62.

With reference to FIG. 3, the slidable carriage 76 has a rectangularouter frame 82 supporting an inner frame 84. The rectangular outer frame84 is mounted on four horizontal bearing tracks 86, 88, 90, 92 on theinner periphery of the outer support 74 so that the outer frame 82stands vertically and slides horizontally within the outer support 74.

With reference to both FIGS. 3 and 4, the rectangular outer frame 82 hasa rectangular wood backing 94 to which the bearing tracks 86, 88, 90, 92are bolted, one at each corner of the frame 82. Strong plastic sheeting93 covers the side of the wood backing 94 nearest the lens (not shown inFIGS. 3 of 4). A 1/2" thick, 47"×64" C.D, 45×62" ID., rectangular outerframe 96 is bolted to the entire periphery of the wood backing 94 on theside of the wood backing 94 nearest the lens 62. An air-tight sealant 98surrounds the periphery of the outer frame 82 at the junction of thewood backing 94 and outer frame 96.

A rectangular acrylic vacuum port 100 is mounted in a rectangularopening 101 in the center of the wood backing 94 and the plastic sheet93. The acrylic vacuum port 100 has a vacuum tube passage 102 on theside 104 of the vacuum port 100 facing away from the lens 62 of thecamera 10 (not shown in FIG. 3). The side 104 of the acrylic port 100facing away from the lens 62 (not shown in FIG. 3) is taped or gluedwith air-tight tape or glue, such as epoxy cement, to the plastic sheet93 around the entire opening of the sheet 93 surrounding the port 100.The side 106 of the acrylic vacuum port 100 facing the lens 62 (notshown in FIG. 3) has a rectangular outer periphery that is flush withsurface of the side of the plastic sheet 93 nearest the lens 62.However, an irregular cavity 108 cut in the flush side 106 of the vacuumport 100 leads to and joins with the vacuum tube passage 102. A vacuumtube 110 penetrates the vacuum tube passage 102 and an airtight sealantjoins the vacuum tube 110 to the vacuum tube passage 102. The end ofvacuum tube 110 opposite the vacuum port 100 is attached to a vacuumgenerator (not shown) capable of drawing a vacuum of 21 inches of Hg.

As shown in FIGS. 1 and 3, the inner frame 84 is vertically rotatablewithin the outer frame 82 by means of two hinges 112, 114 joining thelowest horizontal side of the outer frame 82 nearest to the lens 62 withthe inner frame 84. The dimensions of the outer periphery of the innerframe 84 are nearly identical to the dimensions of the inner peripheryof the outer frame 82. Thus, when the inner frame 84 is rotated aboutthe hinges 112, 114 into a vertical position within the outer frame 82,the side of the inner frame 84 nearest the lens (not shown in FIG. 3) isflush with the side of the spacer 96 nearest the lens 62. The innerframe 84 is only one-quarter inch deep so that there is a one-quarterinch separation betwen the wood backing 94 and inner frame 84.

A one-quarter inch thick corrugated cardbaord spacer 116 is glued to theinner frame 84 and covers the entire surface of the inner frame 84facing towards the wood backing 94 when both the cardboard spacer 116and inner frame 84 are in the vertical position. The cardboard spacer116 thus occupies the space in the separation between the plastic sheet93 and the inner frame 84 when the inner frame 84 is flush with theouter frame 82. As shown in FIG. 3, the inner surface 118 of thecardboard spacer 116, which abuts the plastic sheet 93 when the innerframe 84 is in the vertical position, has two vertical slits 120, 122,one in each vertical side of the cardboard spacer 116. The slits 120,122 penetrate the corrugation in the cardboard spacer 116 to provide ameans for air to pass from the inner surface 118 of the cardboard spacer116 to the passages within the corrugation in the cardboard spacer 116.

As shown in FIG. 4 for the film mount 64 when loaded with film 124, theinner frame 84 is held flush against the outer frame 82 by means ofair-tight sealing tape 126 surrounding the entire junction of the outerperiphery of the inner frame 84 with the inner periphery of the outerframe 82.

The inner periphery of the inner frame 84 is rectangular and forty-threeinches wide (horizontal) and sixty inches tall (vertical). A forty-threeby sixty by one-quarter inch rectangular, optically clear acrylicseparator 128 is mounted within the inner periphery of the inner frame84 so that the sixty inch sides of the separator are vertical and theforty-three inch sides are horizontal and abutting the horizontal sidesof the inner frame 84. A sixty by forty-three inch line rastor 130 isaligned without laminated to the acrylic separator 128 by means of a onemil thick optically clear, double sided sheet adhesive 132, such as MacTac, manufactured by Morgan Adhesives, Stow, Ohio. The line rastor 130is laminated to the side of the acrylic separator 128 nearest the lens(not shown in FIG. 4). The acrylic separator 128 and line rastor 130 areretained within the inner frame 84 and plastic sheet 93 so that the linerastor 130 is flush with the surface of the inner frame 82 facing thelens (not shown in FIG. 4) by means of air-tight sealing tape 134surrounding the entire junction of the inner periphery of the innerframe 84 with outer periphery of the line rastor 130.

The line rastor 130, when oriented vertically in the camera 10, hasvertical lineations and is 80% dark with a 1/40" periodicity. The linerastor 130 is made from Kodak Kodalith Orthographic Type 3 film.

The acrylic separator 28 has an index of refraction of 1.49 and is madefrom acrylic sheeting manufactured by Rohm & Haas Manufacturing Co.

The film 124 lies between a removable cardboard insert 136 and the sideof the acrylic separator 128 facing away from the lens (not shown inFIG. 4). The cardboard insert 136, which is about 1/4" thick, thus liesbetween the plastic sheet 93 and the film 124. The film 124 andcardboard insert 136 are also each forty-three inches wide by sixtyinches tall and are each mounted in the inner periphery within the innerframe 84 so that the sixty-inch sides are vertical and the forty-threeinch sides are horizontal and abutting the horizontal sides of the innerframe 84.

The film 124 is Ilford Cibachrome II CTD.f7 transparency film with a0.18 mm. transparent polyester base. The ASA rating of the film is about1/54 of an ASA unit. The film 124 is very stable dimensionally so that,after the film 124 is developed, the film 124 retains dimensions nearlyidentical to the pre-exposure dimensions of the film 124.

As shown in FIG. 3, the cardboard insert 136 has corrugations that matewith the corrugations of the cardboard spacer 116. A vacuum passage 138is cut in the center of the cardboard insert 136 on the side of thecardboard insert 136 that, as shown in FIG. 4, abuts the acrylic vacuumport 100. The cardboard insert 136 is mounted within the inner peripheryof the inner frame 84 so that the vacuum passage 138 abuts the vacuumport 100 and allows air to be drawn through the corrugations in thecardboard spacer 116 and cardboard insert 136.

The tape 134, 126 used to seal the sandwich of materials within theouter frame 82 and inner frame 84 is a strong plastic sheet, such aspolyethylene 4 mil sheet, capable of creating an air tight seal at 21"Hg. Thus, when the sandwich of material is sealed in the film mount 64and a vacuum is drawn through the vacuum port 100, the cardboard insert136 is drawn into tight, intimate, and secure contact with the plasticsheet 93 and with the film 124, and the film 124 is brought into tight,intimate, and secure contact with the acrylic separator 128.

It can thus be seen that the outer frame 82, sealant 98, sealing tape126, inner frame 84, plastic sheet 93, and vacuum port 100 form acontainer for the cardboard spacer 116, cardboard insert 136, film 124,acrylic separator 128, and line rastor 130. The container is sealed bymeans of the sealing tape 134 and line rastor 130 so that the areabounded by the container, the sealing tape 134, and the line rastor 130is relatively air-tight and capable of providing the vacuum describedabove.

Other container arrangements would also suffice to provide the vacuumsandwich of materials described herein. For example, a plastic envelopethat is at least partially optically clear can serve as a container forthe sandwich of materials including the cardboard insert 136, the film124, the acrylic separator 128, and the line rastor 130 and when theenvelope is sealed, a vacuum can be drawn to draw the sandwich securelytogether.

As shown in FIG. 1, a center bar 140 extends from the outer support 74in the horizontal center of the top of the outer support 74. A verticalcentering line 142 in the center of the center bar 140, as measured in aplane parallel to the plane of the lens 62 when the center bar 140 ishorizontal and parallel to the plane of the lens 62, lies in a planethat is perpendicular to the plane of the lens 62 and that penetratesthe radial center of the rotatable table 16.

On the edge of the inner frame 84 nearest the center bar 140 are nineguide marks 144. Each pair of adjacent guide marks 144 is spaced apartfrom each other by 1 30/32 inch. The center (fifth) guide mark 144 liesin a plane passing through the vertical length of the vertical centeringline 142.

With reference to FIGS. 1, 2, 4, and 5, the method of making the 3-Dphotograph entails the following:

(a) The line rastor 130 is laminated to one side of the acrylicseparator 128 with the sheet adhesive 132;

(b) The acrylic separator 128 is then placed in the inner periphery ofthe inner frame 84 and taped in place with the sealing tape 134 so thatthe line rastor 130 is flush with the surface of the inner frame 84nearest the camera 10 when the inner frame 84 is in the verticalposition;

(c) With the inner cavity 72 of the camera in total darkness from thebeginning of this step through the film removal step (s), the film 124is placed against the acrylic separator 128 with the photosensitiveemulsion side of the film 124 in contact with the side of the acrylicseparator 128 opposite the side facing the line rastor 130;

(d) The cardboard insert 136 is placed against the side of the film 124opposite the side in contact with the acrylic separator 128;

(e) The inner frame 84 is swung into a vertical position and taped inplace with sealing tape 126 all around the outer periphery of the innerframe 84 so that the side of the inner frame 84 nearest the lens 62 isflush with the side of the outer frame 82 nearest the lens 62 and sothat the area bounded by the plastic sheet 93, vacuum port 100, outerframe 82, sealing tape 126, inner frame 84, sealing tape 134, and linerastor 130 is relatively air tight;

(f) A vacuum is drawn in the bounded area (described above) with thevacuum machine (not shown);

(g) The slidable carriage 76 is positioned so that the centering line142 is aligned vertically over the guide mark 144 that is furthest tothe right of the center (fifth) guide mark 144 as the outer frame 82 isviewed from the position of the lens 62;

(h) The slidable carrier 18 is aligned so that the center mark 48 isaligned vertically over the spacing indicia 43 that is furthest to theright of the center (fifth) spacing indicia 43 as the rectangular frameis viewed from the position of the lens 62;

(i) The lamps 58, 60 are turned on, and the lens 62 is focused on thesubject 14;

(j) The shutter of the lens 62 is activated or opened for forty minutesand then closed;

(k) The slidable carriage 76 is repositioned so that the centering lineis vertically aligned over the next guide mark 144 to the left as theouter frame 82 is viewed from the position of the lens 62;

(l) The slidable carrier 18 is re-aligned so that the center mark 48 isaligned vertically over the next spacing indicia 43 to the left as theouter frame 82 is viewed from the position of the lens 62;

(m) The turntable may be swiveled clockwise to enhance, orcounterclockwise to mitigate, the stereo effect;

(n) The lens 62, with the aperture at f/64 for optimum depth-of-fieldwithout pinhole diffraction effect, is re-focused on the subject 14;

(o) The shutter of the lens 62 is opened for forty minutes and thenclosed;

(p) Steps (k)-(o) are repeated seven more times for a total of nineseparate, sequential exposures of forty minutes each at each positionalong the guide marks 144 and the spacing indicia 43;

(q) The vacuum machine (not shown) is turned off so that a vacuum is nolonger drawn in the bounded area;

(r) The sealing tape 134 sealing the junction of the inner frame 84 andouter frame 84 is removed, and the inner frame 82 is rotated into ahorizontal position;

(s) The cardboard insert 136 is removed from the inner frame 84;

(t) The film 124 is removed from the inner frame 84 and developed toyield a photograph having nine separate images per 1/40 inch;

(u) the sealing tape 126 sealing the junction of the inner frame 84 andline rastor 130 and holding the line rastor 130 flush with the side ofthe inner frame 84 is removed, and the laminated acrylic separator 128and line rastor 130 are removed from within the inner frame 84;

(v) With specific reference to FIG. 5, the developed film 124 is placedon the side of the acrylic separator 128 opposite the side facing linerastor 130, a light source (not shown) is placed on the side of the film124 opposite the acrylic separator 128, and a light diffusion screen(not shown) is placed between the light source (not shown) and acrylicseparator 128 to cause light from the light source to flood the entireside of the acrylic separator 128 opposite the side facing the linerastor 130;

(w) The emulsion side of the developed film 124 is placed in contactwith the acrylic separator 128 on the side of the acrylic separator 128opposite the side facing the line rastor 130, and the position of thedeveloped film 124 with respect to the acrylic separator 128 is manuallyadjusted to discover the position that yields the best qualitythree-dimensional image (having the fewest interference patterns andmost realistic three-dimensional image) when the illuminated film 124 isviewed through the line rastor 130; and

(x) The position of the film 124 on the acrylic separator 128 is thenmarked, and the film 124 is then laminated to the acrylic separator inthat position by means of an optically clear, one mil thick sheetadhesive 150, such as Mac Tac.

The resulting 3-D photograph 152 can best be viewed by putting a lightsource (not shown) on the film-carrying side of the photograph 152 andthen placing a light diffusion screen (not shown) between the lightsource and the photograph 152 in order to pass light evenly across thefilm-carrying side of the photograph 152 toward the line rastor-carryingside of the photograph 152. A very high quality enlargedthreedimensional image of the subject 14 can then be seen by viewing thephotograph from the line rastor-carrying side of the photograph 152. The3-D image can be seen from as close as two feet from the photograph 152to as far away as at least twenty-five feet from the photograph 152 onthe line rastor-carrying side of the photograph 152. Moreover, movementfrom side to side (as measured from a plane perpendicular to the planeof the line rastor 130 and parallel to a linneation in the line rastor130) on the line rastor-carrying side of the separator 128 yields arealistic impression of simply viewing the object itself (in threedimensions) since the view changes in a very realistic andthree-dimensional way as the viewer moves from side to side of thephotograph 152.

The preferred method and apparatus disclosed herein are only one of themany variations possible that will yield a high qualitythree-dimensional photograph while using our invention herein disclosed.For example, the distances set forth for the lens-to-object,lens-to-film mount, and inter-marker and inter-indicia spacing aredesigned to yield a 43"×60" enlarged image of a subject 30" tall by21.5" wide. Different size films can be utilized to make smallerphotographs of smaller objects, and rearrangement of the above-noteddistances, along with appropriately matched lenses, line rastors, andseparators, using well-known optical formulas and relationships, willyield varying sizes of photographs and varying degrees of enlargement,reduction, or anything inbetween.

As another example, while the preferred method utilizes 1/4" acrylicseparator 128 with an 80% dark, 40 line/inch rastor 130, it is possibleto use other thicknesses of acrylic separators or other rastors as longas slit width (the width of an optically clear lineation on the rastor130), lens-to-rastor distance, and thickness of acrylic separator areall matched on the basis of laws governing Fresnel diffractionphenomena. For example, we have used a 1/8" inch acrylic separator withan 80% dark, 63 line/inch rastor and obtained excellent results. Theobject is to concentrate a single bright Fresnel zone behind each rastorduring each exposure of the film.

The preferred embodiment disclosed herein provides a 3-D photographhaving a great quantity of 3-D information translating into a 3-Dphotograph with a deep depth-of-field. The method is relatively easy toperform, less time consuming, and more accurate than the methods in theprior art since, among other things, a dimensionally stable film is usedand held rigidly in place with respect to the line rastor and separatorduring repeated exposure of the film. Moreover, the inaccuracy oflenticular lenses has been totally eliminated.

Since the invention as disclosed herein may be embodied in many otherspecific forms without departing from its nature or centralcharacteristics, the preferred embodiment herein described must beconsidered simply as illustrative and not restrictive. The scope of thisinvention is thus indicated by the following claims rather than theforegoing detailed description, and all changes that come within themeaning and range of equivalency of the claims are intended to beembraced therein.

What is claimed is:
 1. A three dimensional photograph manufactured in accordance with a method of making a three-dimensional photograph of a subject, said method utilizing a dimensionally stable, unexposed film stock, at least one line rastor having a predetermined periodicity, and a camera including a film mount and a shutter therein, the method comprising:(a) mounting the dimensionally stable, unexposed film stock and the line rastor having a predetermined periodicity on the film mount such that the film stock is substantially parallel to, and separated by a predetermined distance from, the line rastor; (b) at least once focusing the camera on the subject, activating the shutter, presenting a different view of the subject with respect to the film stock, and reactivating the shutter again; (c) developing the film stock to produce an image; and (d) assembling the three-dimensional photograph by arranging the developed film stock and the line rastor such that the film stock is substantially parallel to, and separated by the predetermined distance from, the line rastor whereby a three-dimensional image can be viewed from the side of the line rastor furthest from the developed film stock.
 2. A three-dimensional photograph manufactured in accordance with the method of claim 1 wherein the mounting step includes placing a separator between the film stock and line rastor and drawing a vacuum around at least a portion of the surface of the separator in order to draw the film stock into substantially intimate contact with the separator.
 3. A three-dimensional photograph manufactured in accordance with the method of claim 2 wherein said separator has a first side and a second side opposite said first side and wherein the mounting step further includes inserting the film stock, separator, and line rastor into a container such that the film stock is in contact with the first side of the separator and the line rastor is in contact with the second side of the separator, then sealing the container, and drawing a vacuum in the sealed container.
 4. A three-dimensional photograph manufactured in accordance with the method of claim 3 wherein the mounting step also includes, prior to sealing the container, inserting a porous component in the container such that the porous component lies between a suction component in the wall of the container and the film stock and the drawing sub-step includes removing air from the sealed container through the suction component.
 5. A three-dimensional photograph manufactured in accordance with the method of claim 4 wherein, prior to the mounting step, the line rastor is laminated to the second side of the separator.
 6. A three-dimensional photograph manufactured in accordance with the method of claim 1 further utilizing at least one separator having a first side and a second side opposite the first side and wherein the assembling step includes placing the separator between the developed film stock and line rastor and laminating the line rastor to the first side of the separator and the developed film stock to the second side of the first separator.
 7. A three-dimensional photograph manufactured in accordance with the method of claim 6 wherein the mounting step includes placing the separator between the film stock and line rastor and drawing a vacuum around at least a portion of the surface of the separator in order to draw the film stock into substantially intimate contact with the separator.
 8. A three-dimensional photograph manufactured in accordance with the method of claim 7 wherein the mounting step includes inserting the film stock, separator, and line rastor into a container such that the film stock is in contact with the first side of the separator and the line rastor is in contact with the second side of the separator, then sealing the container, and drawing a vacuum in the sealed container.
 9. A three-dimensional photograph manufactured in accordance with the method of claim 8 wherein the mounting step further includes, prior to sealing the container, inserting a porous component in the container such that the porous component lies between the film stock and a suction component in the wall of the container.
 10. A three-dimensional photograph manufactured in accordance with the method of claim 9 wherein the mounting step includes, prior to the inserting step, laminating the line rastor to the separator and wherein the sealing step includes sealing the line rastor to the container.
 11. A three-dimensional photograph manufactured in accordance with the method of claim 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 wherein the film stock is a positive film stock and the separator is a translucent material having a refraction index greater than 1.0.
 12. A three-dimensional photograph manufactured in accordance with the method of claim 1 wherein the line rastor has dimensions chosen to minimize diffraction phenomena by concentrating a single bright Fresnel zone on the film during the shutter activating step.
 13. A three-dimensional photograph manufactured in accordance with a method of making a three-dimensional photograph of a subject, said method utilizing a dimensionally stable, unexposed positive film stock, a rigid porous component, at least one separator, at least one line rastor, a container, and a camera including a body with a cavity therein, a film mount in the cavity, and a lens in the body opposite the film mount, said lens having a light passage and a shutter means for opening and closing the light passage, said separator having a predetermined thickness, a first side, a second side opposite said first side, and a refraction index greater than 1.0, said line rastor having a predetermined periodicity, and said container having an opening bounded by an edge, a sidewall with an inner surface, and a suction component in the sidewall penetrating the inner surface, the method comprising:(a) laminating the line rastor to the second side of the separator; (b) inserting the rigid porous component, the dimensionally stable, unexposed positive film stock, the separator, and the line rastor into the container such that the film stock abuts the first side of the separator, and the rigid porous component lies between the film stock and the inner surface of the sidewall of the container; (c) sealing the container by sealing the line rastor to the edge of the opening in the container; (d) drawing a vacuum in the sealed container by sucking air through the porous component and out of the sealed container so that the film stock is brought into intimate contact with the separator; (e) mounting the sealed container in the film mount of the camera so that the second side of the separator faces the lens; (f) at least once focusing the lens on the subject, activating the shutter, adjusting the position of the subject with respect to the container, and reactivating the shutter again; (g) removing the film stock from the camera and the container and developing the film to produce an image; and (h) assembling the three-dimensional photograph by laminating the film stock to the first side of the separator whereby a three-dimensional image can be viewed from the side of the line rastor furthest from the developed film stock.
 14. A three-dimensional photograph manufactured in accordance with the method of claims 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 9, 10, 12, or 13 wherein the method further comprises: backlighting the assembled three-dimensional photograph by disposing a light source on the first side of the separator.
 15. A three-dimensional photograph manufactured in accordance with the method of claims 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 9, 10, 12, or 13 wherein the method further comprises: backlighting the arranged three-dimensional photograph by disposing a light source on the first side of the separator and positioning a light diffusion apparatus between the light source and film stock.
 16. A three-dimensional photograph manufactured in accordance with a method utilizing a dimensionally stable film stock, at least one separator, and at least one line rastor in a camera having a body with a cavity and film mount in the cavity, the method comprising:(a) drawing a vacuum around at least a portion of the surface of the separator to draw the film stock into intimate with the separator; (b) mounting the film stock in the camera; (c) exposing and developing the film stock; and (d) mounting the film stock on one side of the separator and mounting the line rastor on the side of the separator opposite the film stock.
 17. A three-dimensional photograph manufactured in accordance with the method of claim 16 wherein the separator has a first side and a second side opposite the first side and wherein the drawing step includes inserting the film stock, separator, and rastor into a container such that the film stock is in contact with the first side of the separator and the rastor is in contact with the second side of the separator, then sealing the container, and drawing a vacuum in the sealed container.
 18. A three-dimensional photograph manufactured in accordance with the method of claim 17 wherein the inserting step further includes, prior to sealing the container, inserting a porous component in the container such that the porous component lies between the suction component and the film stock.
 19. A three-dimensional photograph comprising, in combination:a line rastor having parallel lineations of alternately opaque and optically clear portions, said parallel lineations being of a predetermined periodicity; an exposed and developed, dimensionally stable film stock having parallel linear images; translucent spacing means for (a) separating said line rastor from said film stock by a predetermined distance, (b) maintaining said line rastor parallel to said film stock, and (c) providing a refractive medium between the line rastor and film stock, said linear images on the dimensionally stable film stock being positioned with respect to the line rastor so that a three-dimensional image appears on the side of the line rastor furthest from the dimensionally stable film stock; and means for intimately attaching said line rastor to said spacing means and for intimately attaching said dimensionally stable film stock to said spacing means.
 20. The three-dimensional photograph of claim 19 wherein the spacing means separates the line rastor and dimensionally stable film stock to provide a single, bright fresnel zone in each linear image on the dimensionally stable film stock.
 21. The three-dimensional photograph of claim 19 or 20 wherein said attaching means comprises two adhesive layers, the first adhesive layer affixing the line rastor to the spacing means and the second adhesive layer affixing the spacing means to the film stock.
 22. The three-dimensional photograph of claim 19 or 20 wherein said spacing means comprises a separator of uniform thickness.
 23. The three-dimensional photograph of claim 21 wherein said spacing means comprises a separator of uniform thickness.
 24. The three-dimensional photograph of claim 21 wherein each said adhesive layer comprises of an optically clear adhesive sheet of uniform thickness, the line rastor is laminated to one side of the separator with the first adhesive layer affixing the line rastor to the separator, and the film stock is laminated to the side of the separator opposite the side on which the line rastor is mounted, with the second adhesive layer affixing the separator to the film stock.
 25. The three-dimensional photograph of claim 23 wherein each said adhesive layer comprises an optically clear adhesive sheet of uniform thickness, the line rastor is laminated to one side of the separator with the first adhesive layer affixing the line rastor to the separator, and the film stock is laminated to the side of the separator opposite the side on which the line rastor is mounted, with the second adhesive layer affixing the separator to the film stock.
 26. A three-dimensional photograph comprising, in combination:a planar line rastor having co-planar, parallel lineations of alternately opaque and optically clear portions, said parallel lineations having a predetermined periodicity; an exposed and developed, dimensionally stable, planar film stock having co-planar, parallel linear images disposed thereon; a planar separator between the line rastor and film stock, said separator being of uniform thickness and having an index of refraction greater than 1.0; a first, optically clear adhesive sheet of uniform thickness between the line rastor and the planar separator whereby the line rastor is laminated to one side of the planar separator; and a second, optically clear adhesive sheet of uniform thickness between the separator and the planar film stock whereby the planar film stock is laminated to the side of the planar separator opposite the side laminated to the line rastor, said linear images on the planar film stock being positioned with respect to the line rastor so that a three-dimensional image appears on the side of the line rastor furthest from the planar film stock.
 27. The three-dimensional photograph of claim 25 wherein the planar separator separates the line rastor and planar film stock to provide a single bright fresnel zone in each linear image on the planar film stock. 